Audio And Text To Go
By By Lisa Wahl and Julie Duffield
I chose this article in April’s issue of L&L because I found it very interesting. Many times students are discouraged from using media to get quick information. In this article, however, we are given resources that actually show where people can get media for literature, non fiction and fiction pieces, current magazine articles, etc. I remember when I was in high school, it was very highly encouraged that reading was essential. I still believe this is true (being a Literature and Writing Studies major and all), but I do realize that some students learn in different capacities. For example, a student like myself who is a visual learner and prefers seeing things to comprehend them, might not benefit as much from audio media as an audio learner might.
1. Will literature on tape discourage students from actually reading material?
It is difficult to answer this question. Of course educators would encourage students to be in the habit of reading, but with the emergence of media, students might find it more beneficial and convenient to them to put their lesson and study materials on something easier and smaller than an oversized literature book. I believe that teachers should still stress the importance of reading and reading comprehension, but I think that this media is an excellent resource for those who might not be as quick as other readers.
2. How can educators monitor abuse of this resource?
I think it is essential for teachers to monitor the abuse of literature on tape. As an aspiring English teacher, I do not want students to get too comfortable with not having to read. Reading is an vital aspect of education. So, in order for teachers to monitor the use of this resource, perhaps there should be some projects/papers designed that make it impossible for students to complete by just solely listening to audio lessons.
Monday, April 23, 2007
Journal #8
Virtual Schooling
By Nikki Davis and Dale. S. Niederhauser
This article in L&L’s April 2007 was about Online Education. I thought it was a very pertinent article because here so many students today that are being educated through video and through the internet. It is important for others to be informed on what this type of schooling is.
I think distant learning is an excellent tool for students who are displaced and don’t have the ability to make to an educating facility. I also think that is a great tool for other types of lives (i.e. actors/actresses, vocalists, artists, etc.) that are too busy and unable to make it to school everyday. I do believe that this type of learning has great perks, but also it’s downfalls. I do not believe that students have the perk of seeing interacting with their teachers which may interfere with their social abilities. They might not get the proper attention to their studies, and they might not receive the same type of peer interaction.
What I think is wonderful, though, about online learning, is that certain teachers who are teaching the online courses, are given special training on the new use of technology and effectively using to teach whatever course they may be teaching. The biggest challenge, I believe, is communication. If proper communication is established, then I think this type of learning is essential and much needed for those who cannot make it into a classroom.
1. Will online learning continue to progress?
With the advances that technology is continually making, I do believe that facilitators of online learning will continue to make advances and make online learning easier to access and available to more students and families.
2. Will I ever use online learning for my children?
As successful as online learning might be, I do not foresee my own children using it. I enjoyed thoroughly, my time in high school and making friends and interacting with my teachers and peers.
By Nikki Davis and Dale. S. Niederhauser
This article in L&L’s April 2007 was about Online Education. I thought it was a very pertinent article because here so many students today that are being educated through video and through the internet. It is important for others to be informed on what this type of schooling is.
I think distant learning is an excellent tool for students who are displaced and don’t have the ability to make to an educating facility. I also think that is a great tool for other types of lives (i.e. actors/actresses, vocalists, artists, etc.) that are too busy and unable to make it to school everyday. I do believe that this type of learning has great perks, but also it’s downfalls. I do not believe that students have the perk of seeing interacting with their teachers which may interfere with their social abilities. They might not get the proper attention to their studies, and they might not receive the same type of peer interaction.
What I think is wonderful, though, about online learning, is that certain teachers who are teaching the online courses, are given special training on the new use of technology and effectively using to teach whatever course they may be teaching. The biggest challenge, I believe, is communication. If proper communication is established, then I think this type of learning is essential and much needed for those who cannot make it into a classroom.
1. Will online learning continue to progress?
With the advances that technology is continually making, I do believe that facilitators of online learning will continue to make advances and make online learning easier to access and available to more students and families.
2. Will I ever use online learning for my children?
As successful as online learning might be, I do not foresee my own children using it. I enjoyed thoroughly, my time in high school and making friends and interacting with my teachers and peers.
Journal #7
Should Schools Regulate Offsite Online Behavior?
By Nancy Willard and Lynn Wietecha
This entire article discussed whether or not school officials should regulate the use of online behavior of their students. There were one argument for each side of the question and each side had significant evidence and opinion to back up their answers. The first answer, yes—school officials should regulate the use of online behavior – argued that there are too many school related violent crimes that could be stopped if officials knew what was being posted online. The advocate for this opinion also mentioned that safety is a huge issue in public schools. School is the only place that a kid should feel completely safe, and now that is not the case because of the hate words and slander that is being posted online constantly now-a-days.
On the other side of the spectrum, another woman said no – school officlals should not regulate internet use of the students. She did agree that safety should be a primary concern for the school, but teachers are educators, not babysitters.
Schools definitely should be involved if something that is posted on the internet if it poses safety on students. But, officlals shouldn’t be the ones monitoring the use. That’s what parents and guardians should be for.
1. Who should monitor internet use of students?
I believe that parents should be monitoring internet use of their children. It is difficult enough for educators to keep up with behavior at school, then go home and have their own lives. The job of parents and guardians is to parent and guard their own kids. Once safety becomes an issue to their child, then the issue should be brought to the school for the administrators to handle.
2. How can parents monitor their children’s internet use?
Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible to know everything that their child puts on the internet. That is why parents should create an atmosphere at home where their kids can be honest. This is a romanticized idea of family, but that is what I think it takes for parents to monitor their kids. It is not the job of the school to notice everything kids post on the internet. It is impossible.
By Nancy Willard and Lynn Wietecha
This entire article discussed whether or not school officials should regulate the use of online behavior of their students. There were one argument for each side of the question and each side had significant evidence and opinion to back up their answers. The first answer, yes—school officials should regulate the use of online behavior – argued that there are too many school related violent crimes that could be stopped if officials knew what was being posted online. The advocate for this opinion also mentioned that safety is a huge issue in public schools. School is the only place that a kid should feel completely safe, and now that is not the case because of the hate words and slander that is being posted online constantly now-a-days.
On the other side of the spectrum, another woman said no – school officlals should not regulate internet use of the students. She did agree that safety should be a primary concern for the school, but teachers are educators, not babysitters.
Schools definitely should be involved if something that is posted on the internet if it poses safety on students. But, officlals shouldn’t be the ones monitoring the use. That’s what parents and guardians should be for.
1. Who should monitor internet use of students?
I believe that parents should be monitoring internet use of their children. It is difficult enough for educators to keep up with behavior at school, then go home and have their own lives. The job of parents and guardians is to parent and guard their own kids. Once safety becomes an issue to their child, then the issue should be brought to the school for the administrators to handle.
2. How can parents monitor their children’s internet use?
Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible to know everything that their child puts on the internet. That is why parents should create an atmosphere at home where their kids can be honest. This is a romanticized idea of family, but that is what I think it takes for parents to monitor their kids. It is not the job of the school to notice everything kids post on the internet. It is impossible.
Journal #6
Social Justice: Choice or Necessity?
By Colleen Swain and David Edyburn
This article was featured in ISTE’s March 2007 issue. The main concept of this article focused on the effect of technology on educational social justice. The article started out by describing the various ways that the use of computers/internet affected students. It also “explored the social justice implications of instructional technology and provided educators with a framework for understanding the effects of their decisions in using instructional technology in the classroom.
Research has found that in a few years, approximately 80% of workplaces will require that their employees are fluent in technology. This may not be possible with many students being brought up in classrooms and schools that either do not have technology available, or do not have educators that are able to teach about advances in the technological world. This is limiting our students to jobs that pay less and are not as professional.
A couple of questions to ponder…
1. What is at least one solution to giving students the ability to learn about technology?
For schools that may not possess the resources for every student to have their own computer, I think that time should be allotted in the curriculum to teach students about computers, word process, internet, and technology. In the lesson, not only should they be taught how to use these resources, but they should also be taught the importance of understanding the use of them in their futures.
2. How can work places use employees who might not be as fluent in technology as other applicants?
I think that employers who are looking for workers who are fluent in technology should provide a class or tutorial on their systems. Many employees may have the intellectual aptitude to succeed in their company – so, if they possess the ability to learn, they should be given the opportunity to learn about the technology.
By Colleen Swain and David Edyburn
This article was featured in ISTE’s March 2007 issue. The main concept of this article focused on the effect of technology on educational social justice. The article started out by describing the various ways that the use of computers/internet affected students. It also “explored the social justice implications of instructional technology and provided educators with a framework for understanding the effects of their decisions in using instructional technology in the classroom.
Research has found that in a few years, approximately 80% of workplaces will require that their employees are fluent in technology. This may not be possible with many students being brought up in classrooms and schools that either do not have technology available, or do not have educators that are able to teach about advances in the technological world. This is limiting our students to jobs that pay less and are not as professional.
A couple of questions to ponder…
1. What is at least one solution to giving students the ability to learn about technology?
For schools that may not possess the resources for every student to have their own computer, I think that time should be allotted in the curriculum to teach students about computers, word process, internet, and technology. In the lesson, not only should they be taught how to use these resources, but they should also be taught the importance of understanding the use of them in their futures.
2. How can work places use employees who might not be as fluent in technology as other applicants?
I think that employers who are looking for workers who are fluent in technology should provide a class or tutorial on their systems. Many employees may have the intellectual aptitude to succeed in their company – so, if they possess the ability to learn, they should be given the opportunity to learn about the technology.
Monday, March 5, 2007
Journal #5
How To Fight the New Bullies
By Rosalind Wiseman
This article discussed the issue of cyberbullying. Basically, cyberbullying is the new form of what used to be bigger kids beating up and threatening smaller kids at school. The dangerous part of this issue, is that not only are kids’ names and reputations being slandered, but sometimes there are threats of violence. Because of this, it is difficult for the targeted child to feel safe in a place where safety should be guaranteed – school. The author, Rosalind Wiseman, goes on to say that safety precautions should be taken in the home first. Parents should monitor what kind of activity is going on on their childrens’ computers. The problem with this, is that kids are very apt to lie and not show their parents what they’re looking for. This matter is very important to discuss. Not only are young one’s prone to sexual predators, but now they are subject to danger from their own peers. The problem with internet-bullying, is that much of it can remain anonymous. Therefore, the target might not know who is making frightening accusations to them.
1. Does parent monitoring really help the situation of cyberbullying?
For some children, parent monitoring can help. However, there are some parents who don’t really care what their children are doing. This is probably the reason that their children are prone to bullying. So, I don’t think parenting is the only issue. The internet is too available to young people who don’t know how to use it properly. There should be a way to track where internet activity (bullying) comes from. I realize this is a very romanticized ideal, but that is just another way that might prevent kids from making such terrible mistakes online.
2. How does it make you feel that cyberbullying is so prevalent in our children’s society?
Honestly, it scares me that kids are so open to this type of abuse. It scares me that although the internet can be used as such a great tool for some, that for others, it can be used for such bad intentions. I guess that’s just how the world works. It is wishful thinking that everything, one day, will be perfect and peaceful.
By Rosalind Wiseman
This article discussed the issue of cyberbullying. Basically, cyberbullying is the new form of what used to be bigger kids beating up and threatening smaller kids at school. The dangerous part of this issue, is that not only are kids’ names and reputations being slandered, but sometimes there are threats of violence. Because of this, it is difficult for the targeted child to feel safe in a place where safety should be guaranteed – school. The author, Rosalind Wiseman, goes on to say that safety precautions should be taken in the home first. Parents should monitor what kind of activity is going on on their childrens’ computers. The problem with this, is that kids are very apt to lie and not show their parents what they’re looking for. This matter is very important to discuss. Not only are young one’s prone to sexual predators, but now they are subject to danger from their own peers. The problem with internet-bullying, is that much of it can remain anonymous. Therefore, the target might not know who is making frightening accusations to them.
1. Does parent monitoring really help the situation of cyberbullying?
For some children, parent monitoring can help. However, there are some parents who don’t really care what their children are doing. This is probably the reason that their children are prone to bullying. So, I don’t think parenting is the only issue. The internet is too available to young people who don’t know how to use it properly. There should be a way to track where internet activity (bullying) comes from. I realize this is a very romanticized ideal, but that is just another way that might prevent kids from making such terrible mistakes online.
2. How does it make you feel that cyberbullying is so prevalent in our children’s society?
Honestly, it scares me that kids are so open to this type of abuse. It scares me that although the internet can be used as such a great tool for some, that for others, it can be used for such bad intentions. I guess that’s just how the world works. It is wishful thinking that everything, one day, will be perfect and peaceful.
Sunday, March 4, 2007
Journal #4
From Toy To Tool
By Liz Kolb
This article talks about the idea of audio blogging. It began by discussing the downfalls and perks to having cell phone use allowable in the classrooms and then it went in depth to discuss how cell phones could play a huge role in class. Many teachers do not want to give up control by letting students use their phones, but they have come up with a new way to use phones in an educational way. It never seems to baffle me to read about all the new technology that students are learning about at such a young age. This particular idea, audio blogging, is so interesting to me and I think that it will be a fun way to get students engaged and wanting to use their cell phones for other purposes besides personal chat.
1. Will educational cell phone use really interest students in wanting to audio blog?
I personally think that it definitely will interest students in audio blogging. Kids today are enthralled with the idea of blogging, (writing blogs) and sharing what’s on their minds-- I think it gives them a sense of importance. So, I do believe that audio blogging will encourage students to use their phones for not only personal uses, but also educational purposes.
2. How can teachers teach netiquette before using audio blogging in the classroom?
There are few different ways to prep their students for audio blogging. I think it’s very important for students to understand the safe and practical use of the internet and technology. It would be imperative for students to understand the rules of copyrighting, and safe use before using this tactic of teaching. I appreciate that the article specified how important it is for students to understand the protected use of technology.
By Liz Kolb
This article talks about the idea of audio blogging. It began by discussing the downfalls and perks to having cell phone use allowable in the classrooms and then it went in depth to discuss how cell phones could play a huge role in class. Many teachers do not want to give up control by letting students use their phones, but they have come up with a new way to use phones in an educational way. It never seems to baffle me to read about all the new technology that students are learning about at such a young age. This particular idea, audio blogging, is so interesting to me and I think that it will be a fun way to get students engaged and wanting to use their cell phones for other purposes besides personal chat.
1. Will educational cell phone use really interest students in wanting to audio blog?
I personally think that it definitely will interest students in audio blogging. Kids today are enthralled with the idea of blogging, (writing blogs) and sharing what’s on their minds-- I think it gives them a sense of importance. So, I do believe that audio blogging will encourage students to use their phones for not only personal uses, but also educational purposes.
2. How can teachers teach netiquette before using audio blogging in the classroom?
There are few different ways to prep their students for audio blogging. I think it’s very important for students to understand the safe and practical use of the internet and technology. It would be imperative for students to understand the rules of copyrighting, and safe use before using this tactic of teaching. I appreciate that the article specified how important it is for students to understand the protected use of technology.
Journal #3
Video In The Age Of Participation
By Glen Bull
This article was on the idea of digital video and how it’s uses are becoming easier and easier to access for educators. Before, teachers would have to rent movies and decide which clip would be useful for their classroom. But, this option made it difficult for teachers to know how much time should be allotted, and what clip would be most helpful. The problem with some classrooms is that much of the material is textbook based. Educators like to bring in some sort of excitement to help the material come alive. Using videos is an excellent way to do this, but choosing the correct clip is the difficult part. Teachers shouldn’t have to spend time searching and searching and rewinding and fast forwarding. Nowadays, in the new world of digital recording and sharing, many clips are accessible and easy to use in the classroom. For example, KPBS and the Discovery Channel make their clips available in a way that fits the school’s framework. In the age of participation, segments are shorter so that they can be incorporated more easily. Educators are also able to cut, edit, and remix clips so they can be better formatted for their classes. A few questions to ponder:
1. Should video material be used in the classroom to help facilitate learning?
Yes, it is important for video to be used in the classroom. Not every student is an audio learner. Many students are visual, kinesthetic, etc. type of learners. Therefore, not only textbooks can be relied upon for student learning. If educators are given the opportunity to teach their students using technology and video, it might accommodate students better.
2. Should teachers be educated on new technology?
Yes, teachers should be given the opportunity to learn about new technology. They can be more effective in sharing videos if they are knowledgeable on editing and remixing. They can make their lectures more interesting, and they can engage the students if they learn how to use the technology that is coming of age during the students’ generation.
By Glen Bull
This article was on the idea of digital video and how it’s uses are becoming easier and easier to access for educators. Before, teachers would have to rent movies and decide which clip would be useful for their classroom. But, this option made it difficult for teachers to know how much time should be allotted, and what clip would be most helpful. The problem with some classrooms is that much of the material is textbook based. Educators like to bring in some sort of excitement to help the material come alive. Using videos is an excellent way to do this, but choosing the correct clip is the difficult part. Teachers shouldn’t have to spend time searching and searching and rewinding and fast forwarding. Nowadays, in the new world of digital recording and sharing, many clips are accessible and easy to use in the classroom. For example, KPBS and the Discovery Channel make their clips available in a way that fits the school’s framework. In the age of participation, segments are shorter so that they can be incorporated more easily. Educators are also able to cut, edit, and remix clips so they can be better formatted for their classes. A few questions to ponder:
1. Should video material be used in the classroom to help facilitate learning?
Yes, it is important for video to be used in the classroom. Not every student is an audio learner. Many students are visual, kinesthetic, etc. type of learners. Therefore, not only textbooks can be relied upon for student learning. If educators are given the opportunity to teach their students using technology and video, it might accommodate students better.
2. Should teachers be educated on new technology?
Yes, teachers should be given the opportunity to learn about new technology. They can be more effective in sharing videos if they are knowledgeable on editing and remixing. They can make their lectures more interesting, and they can engage the students if they learn how to use the technology that is coming of age during the students’ generation.
Journal #2
Breathing Fire Into Web 2.0
By Justin Hardman and David Carpenter
This article entitled, “Breathing Fire Into Web 2.0” was a much different article than the first one that we read. The first journal we wrote was about some of the downfalls of technology in the classroom. This article, on the contrary, explains how faculty and students can use technology to their own benefit during class time and when class is over. What I found most inspiring about this article was argument that it had for myDragonNet. The argument was most convincing because of it’s organization. There was a section for how myDragonNet got started, for how it was developed, for how it can be supported in the classroom, and for how it is going to be beneficial for everyone. This article argued that online and technological advances can and are being used for the well-being and the futures of our young students. This web tool is helping students with communication, group collaboration, and organization of their work.
1. As a future educator how do I see myself using technology to mine and my students’ benefit?
I see myself using the web to communicate with my students. What will I communicate? I will use the web to exhibit well-done student work, e-mail students and parents, calendar dates and deadlines, upcoming work that will be due, etc.
2. Are the technological advances being used to our students’ benefit right now?
Yes, I believe technology is playing a huge role in our students’ lives. So much of what is happening in our society is based around technology—whether it be the computer, or telephone, or camera, etc. If students are taught to use technology in a positive way (learning and working) rather than for only personal use (myspace.com, chatting, etc.) then the advances will work toward everyone’s benefit. MydragonNet is a great tool for learning, and archiving student work for the good of their future.
By Justin Hardman and David Carpenter
This article entitled, “Breathing Fire Into Web 2.0” was a much different article than the first one that we read. The first journal we wrote was about some of the downfalls of technology in the classroom. This article, on the contrary, explains how faculty and students can use technology to their own benefit during class time and when class is over. What I found most inspiring about this article was argument that it had for myDragonNet. The argument was most convincing because of it’s organization. There was a section for how myDragonNet got started, for how it was developed, for how it can be supported in the classroom, and for how it is going to be beneficial for everyone. This article argued that online and technological advances can and are being used for the well-being and the futures of our young students. This web tool is helping students with communication, group collaboration, and organization of their work.
1. As a future educator how do I see myself using technology to mine and my students’ benefit?
I see myself using the web to communicate with my students. What will I communicate? I will use the web to exhibit well-done student work, e-mail students and parents, calendar dates and deadlines, upcoming work that will be due, etc.
2. Are the technological advances being used to our students’ benefit right now?
Yes, I believe technology is playing a huge role in our students’ lives. So much of what is happening in our society is based around technology—whether it be the computer, or telephone, or camera, etc. If students are taught to use technology in a positive way (learning and working) rather than for only personal use (myspace.com, chatting, etc.) then the advances will work toward everyone’s benefit. MydragonNet is a great tool for learning, and archiving student work for the good of their future.
Journal #1
Professors Adjust Their Methods To Reach Technology-Savvy Generation
by Eleanor Yang-Su
This article from the Union Tribune discusses the difficulty of engaging students without technology, but also losing student interest because of the use of technology in the classroom. The topic is somewhat of a “Catch 22” because professors are finding it nearly impossible to engage their students without pleasing them aesthetically. In a classroom that has over one hundred students, with an extremely large classroom, it would be very difficult to keep them engaged with simply a lecture. Now, many teachers allow their students to use laptops and other devices to take notes. The problem with that is, many students use their computers for uses other than note taking and class purposes. Many people use them for checking e-mail, chatting, playing games, watching movies, etc. A couple of questions to ponder:
1. How can teachers use technology to effectively engage students?
It’s difficult to say if anything can engage students. People already have a short attention span. Using technology could do one of two things: Engage them, or distract them. Maybe, a teacher could use different technology and softwares during class, and let students have access to these programs/technology outside of the classroom. But, during classtime, personal devices may not be allowed. This may seem like a harsh approach, but in order for most students to pay attention, we cannot hand them the distraction. Teachers should find a way to use technology effectively and purposefully.
2. What are some advantages to new and upcoming technology?
I think a major advantage to new technology is the ability to keep students interested in learning, in fun ways. Another advantage is keeping faculty up on new programs and software so that they can show their students exciting ways to learn about the material being presented.
Technology doesn’t have to be such a bad thing in colleges. Teachers just need to find loopholes to make it fun, attractive, and not distracting.
by Eleanor Yang-Su
This article from the Union Tribune discusses the difficulty of engaging students without technology, but also losing student interest because of the use of technology in the classroom. The topic is somewhat of a “Catch 22” because professors are finding it nearly impossible to engage their students without pleasing them aesthetically. In a classroom that has over one hundred students, with an extremely large classroom, it would be very difficult to keep them engaged with simply a lecture. Now, many teachers allow their students to use laptops and other devices to take notes. The problem with that is, many students use their computers for uses other than note taking and class purposes. Many people use them for checking e-mail, chatting, playing games, watching movies, etc. A couple of questions to ponder:
1. How can teachers use technology to effectively engage students?
It’s difficult to say if anything can engage students. People already have a short attention span. Using technology could do one of two things: Engage them, or distract them. Maybe, a teacher could use different technology and softwares during class, and let students have access to these programs/technology outside of the classroom. But, during classtime, personal devices may not be allowed. This may seem like a harsh approach, but in order for most students to pay attention, we cannot hand them the distraction. Teachers should find a way to use technology effectively and purposefully.
2. What are some advantages to new and upcoming technology?
I think a major advantage to new technology is the ability to keep students interested in learning, in fun ways. Another advantage is keeping faculty up on new programs and software so that they can show their students exciting ways to learn about the material being presented.
Technology doesn’t have to be such a bad thing in colleges. Teachers just need to find loopholes to make it fun, attractive, and not distracting.
Monday, January 29, 2007
Intro Letter
Hi Class! My name is Angela Alberto and I am a graduating senior here at CSUSM. I love music, kids, reading and writing. I was born and raised in San Diego, California. Although the housing prices and cost of living are far beyond reasonable, I don’t think I could imagine myself in any other place. My father was in the Navy, but I luckily only had to move far away, once. When I was five years old my family got transferred to Seoul, Korea and that is where I attended kindergarten through half of second grade. From second to twelfth grade I attended the San Diego School District. I went to Hickman Elementary, Challenger Junior High, and Mira Mesa High.
I grew up being able to use computers and being moderately fluent in technology. I always had an interest and a knack for it. PC’s were what I grew up with, but it wasn’t until last year that I was persuaded to the growing Mac family. My boyfriend convinced me that Macs were much more suitable for the things I love to do. (record music, multi-task, make movies, etc.) I worked on his apple powerbook for a little over a month and I fell in love. I received an apple ibook for Christmas last year and it has easily been my favorite piece of technology thus far. Every single day I use it for something: the internet, word processing, listening to music, etc. I depend on technology perhaps a little bit more than the average person should. I am surrounded by it: computers, cell phone, digital camera and the television. If one of these items shut down, everything gets put on pause until it is fixed.
The one aspect of the College of Education mission statement that most stands out to me is its focus on celebrating diversity. Students must feel accepted and comfortable in the learning facility, and in order for them to feel this way, educators must themselves feel comfortable with differences in race, gender, sexuality, religion and culture that will inundate the classroom. CSUSM makes it a point to assist future educators in successfully teaching children from all types of backgrounds.
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